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What is Asset Allocation?
In simple terms asset allocation is dividing the investment amount among different unrelated investment asset classes with a goal of minimizing the volatility and optimizing returns. Unrelated assets mean those which do not respond to the same market forces in the same way at the same time. This may lead your investments to gain on one front when the other side is losing (however there's no guarantee to it).It is just like having a balanced diet with a goal of taking all nutrients our body requires to stay healthy. Asset allocation is must to keep your investments healthy. With a lure of earning more return one has tendency to move into more of stock market investments in bull market phase but this portfolio starts bothering in volatile phase. In volatile environment investors tend to move towards safe assets but under high inflation scenario and low post tax return they could not achieve their goals. So having a proper mix of different asset classes is what one requires. For e.g. 2 years back everyone wants to buy more and more gold, and these days everyone feels that Stock market is the only place to make money.
How to decide Asset Allocation required?
The common misconception among people is that they decide the suitable asset allocation as per their Age. Well, this is not only their fault…many advisers or investment houses also works in the same fashion. They say 100 minus age is what you should have in equity (aggressive) and remaining in debt (Defensive). But this is the wrong strategy. I believe even 70 years old person can have a risk tolerance of investing 80% in equity if he's having arrangement of regular income and have surplus fund available with him with no goals targeted. So believing on "age funda" for asset allocation may prove to be lethal for investments.
See asset allocation is a factor of your risk profile. Risk profile is something which tells how you generally react to different market and real life situation. Your perception towards an investment might change for short term but your inherent behavior towards risk will always remain same.
Other factor that affects your asset allocation is the goals targeted. Even if you are high on risk tolerance but your goal is just 2 years away then there's no point in going for aggressive allocation
How to determine your own asset allocation
1. Understanding different Asset classes- This is the first and very important point. One has to understand that in India there are only 4 asset classes to invest in. Equity, Debt, Gold and Real estate. Equity and Real estate comes under aggressive and volatile asset classes whereas Debt and Gold is somewhat safer and less volatile. All these asset classes can be invested in directly or through Mutual funds or Portfolio management route. Even Insurance ULIPs provide you exposure in different asset classes. So whatever investment instruments you have, you have exposure to these 4 asset classes only. For e.g. If you have 4 endowment/money back insurance policies, PPF a/c. bank and corporate fixed deposits, NSC, Infrastructure bonds, tax free bonds etc. All this collectively result in your debt allocation.
2. Understanding your Risk profile – As I wrote above, your risk profile doesn't just come out of your age, it is how you generally reacts to different situation. Are you in a habit of taking chances with your money, at what speed you drive your vehicle- do you wear seat belts, do you use mobile phone while driving, do you favor a fixed salary with less bonus or low salary with high bonus etc. All these real life instances collectively form your risk tolerance attitude in investments. Risk profiling is like knowing one's blood pressure level and thus sensitivity to volatility. Doing a proper risk profiling is one of the regulatory requirements for SEBI registered investment advisers which include many banks too. So if you are dealing with a registered adviser he will take care of this part.
3. Knowing your goals – Relying totally on your risk profile sometimes may not be the right strategy for you, but it doesn't even mean you can ignore it. As the ultimate requirement is to achieve the goals comfortably so as you reach near to the goal you should move from aggressive to conservative. If you have invested heavily in equity or real estate for a goal targeted, then you should be out of these assets at least 2-3 years before the target year…even if you are very bullish on market performance
When should Asset allocation be rebalanced?
Over a period of time, with the adding on of capital gain or interests you will find that the ratio of your allocation has got changed. You may find yourself again high on equity or high on debt. So timely rebalancing of your investments allocation is very important. You can do the rebalancing by selling one asset class and buying the other with the same amount, or if you have surplus funds available with you, you may make some additional purchase in the asset where the value has gone down.
Lets understand this with example:
Say you have Rs 5 lakh with you as surplus available and after going through the risk profiling process your advised asset allocation comes out to be 60% Aggressive and 40% defensive.
The above chart shows that now to rebalance the allocation suitable to your risk profile, you need to sell Rs 10200/- of equity and buy Rs 6900/- and Rs 3300/- of debt and gold respectively.
Next Year-
This calls for buying Rs 28793/- of equity and selling of Rs 22432/- and Rs 6361/- of debt and gold respectively.
You have to repeat this process after every particular interval, which may be 1 year or 3 years. This rebalancing process will keep the volatility intact as per your acceptable risk tolerance and also help you in buying low and selling high.
If this was not the process you follow then you would have bought more of equity in Year 1 under the lure of high returns as stock market was performing good and next year, you would have lost big money.
Conclusion:
Determining an asset allocation is a very important financial decision, more important than selecting right investment product, as this will have more impact on your overall portfolio return. And be sure to periodically review your portfolio to ensure that your chosen mixes of investments also have diversified among different sectors.
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